{"id":1038625,"date":"2026-07-09T14:16:25","date_gmt":"2026-07-09T11:16:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/darkamazi.site\/?p=1038625"},"modified":"2026-07-09T14:16:25","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T11:16:25","slug":"kriz-alanlarinda-kurumsal-direnis-guney-kurdistan-bolgesel-yonetiminin-idari-burokratik-ve-askeri-evrimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/darkamazi.site\/archives\/1038625","title":{"rendered":"KR\u0130Z\u00a0 ALANLARINDA KURUMSAL D\u0130REN\u0130\u015e: G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netiminin\u00a0 \u0130dari B\u00fcrokratik Ve Askeri Evrimi"},"content":{"rendered":"
    \n
  1. Giri\u015f: Makro Teoriden Mikro Prati\u011fe<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131zda ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z “S\u00fcvey\u015f Analojisi” ve “ABD-\u0130ran Mutabakat Zapt\u0131” \u00e7er\u00e7evesi, Ortado\u011fu jeopoliti\u011finde k\u00fcresel bask\u0131 mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ve akt\u00f6rleri rasyonel maliyet modelleriyle hizaya getirme yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftu. Ne var ki, yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya\u00a0 kurgulanan bu makro-politik dayatmalar ve b\u00f6lgesel kaos senaryolar\u0131, sahada pasif veya statik sonu\u00e7lar \u00fcretmemektedir. Aksine, b\u00f6lgesel sistemin merkezka\u00e7 kuvvetleri ve asimetrik dinamikleri, bask\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendi yerel savunma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve mukavemet alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Ortado\u011fu analizlerinin geleneksel ve indirgemeci hatas\u0131, bu mukavemeti yaln\u0131zca “ham askeri kapasite”, milis g\u00fcc\u00fc ya da co\u011frafi korunakl\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerinden okumakt\u0131r. Oysa hibrit sava\u015flar\u0131n ve asimetrik krizlerin kal\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir co\u011frafyada rasyonel kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirleyen yegane unsur, kurumsal diren\u00e7\u00a0 kapasitesidir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma; teorik d\u00fczlemde \u00e7izdi\u011fimiz diren\u00e7 konseptinin, sahada Erbil\/IKBY \u00f6rne\u011fi \u00fczerinden idari, askeri ve diplomatik olarak i\u00e7inin nas\u0131l dolduruldu\u011funu, \u201cde facto\u201d bir yap\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l rasyonel bir istikrar adas\u0131na\u00a0 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc rasyonel mekanizmalar \u00fczerinden incelemektedir.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0130dari ve B\u00fcrokratik Tahkimat (Siyasal Kurumsalla\u015fma)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Kriz alanlar\u0131nda ve otorite bo\u015fluklar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan de facto y\u00f6netimlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131sal zaaf\u0131, d\u0131\u015fsal asimetrik bask\u0131lar ya da i\u00e7sel ekonomik krizler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda h\u0131zla “kurumsal fel\u00e7” durumuna d\u00fc\u015fmeleridir. Kurumsal fel\u00e7, bir yap\u0131n\u0131n karar alma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0131kanmas\u0131, i\u00e7 me\u015fruiyetini kaybetmesi ve kriz an\u0131nda toplumsal d\u00fczeni sa\u011flayacak b\u00fcrokratik refleksleri g\u00f6sterememesidir.<\/p>\n

      IKBY\u2019nin b\u00f6lgesel kriz mimarisi i\u00e7indeki konumu incelendi\u011finde, bu kurumsal fel\u00e7 riskine kar\u015f\u0131 rasyonel bir siyasal kurumsalla\u015fma (political institutionalization) stratejisi izlendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Samuel Huntington\u2019\u0131n siyasal kurumsalla\u015fma teorisinde vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi; bir sistemin istikrar\u0131 ve bekas\u0131, kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n uyum yetene\u011fi (adaptability), karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (complexity), \u00f6zerkli\u011fi (autonomy) ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle (coherence) do\u011frudan orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0Karar Alma Mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n S\u00fcreklili\u011fi: <\/strong>Erbil merkezli y\u00f6netim, b\u00f6lgesel gerilimlerin, b\u00fct\u00e7e kesintilerinin ve askeri tehditlerin en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde dahi Parlamento (B\u00f6lgesel Meclis) ve bakanl\u0131klar d\u00fczeyindeki idari hiyerar\u015fiyi operasyonel tutmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum, krizlerin sokakta bir kaosa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini engelleyen yap\u0131sal bir paratoner i\u015flevi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0Mali Diren\u00e7 ve B\u00fcrokratik Haf\u0131za: <\/strong>Merkezi b\u00fct\u00e7e kesintileri ve do\u011frudan enerji gelirlerine y\u00f6nelik asimetrik finansal ablukalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, yerel vergilendirme altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n dijitalle\u015fmesi ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck kap\u0131lar\u0131ndaki idari reformlar, yap\u0131n\u0131n mali fel\u00e7 riskini rasyonel bir kurumsal diren\u00e7le a\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, yerel y\u00f6netimler ve maliye b\u00fcrokrasisinin kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde dahi i\u015flevsel kalmas\u0131, de facto yap\u0131n\u0131n “ge\u00e7ici bir olu\u015fum” de\u011fil, rasyonel bir “devletle\u015fme prati\u011fi” sergiledi\u011finin en somut g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Madde ve Referandumun Kriz Testi: <\/strong>Erbil\u2019in siyasal kurumsalla\u015fma d\u00fczeyini \u00f6l\u00e7en en kritik tarihi ve hukuki parametre, Irak Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 140. Maddesi (tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin stat\u00fcs\u00fc) ve 2017 Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Referandumu sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00f6lgesel daralma d\u00f6nemidir. 140. Madde\u2019nin uygulanmas\u0131ndaki rasyonel \u0131srar ve hukuki zemin, yap\u0131n\u0131n salt de facto bir s\u0131n\u0131r geni\u015fletme aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, me\u015fruiyetini anayasal bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveye dayand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. 2017 Referandumu sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan askeri ve ekonomik ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ise kurumsal direncin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kriz testidir. Geleneksel yap\u0131lar\u0131n tamamen tasfiye olaca\u011f\u0131 bu denli b\u00fcy\u00fck bir jeopolitik \u015fok kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; Parlamento\u2019nun me\u015fruiyetini korumas\u0131, Ba\u011fdat ile ili\u015fkileri anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde yeniden m\u00fczakere edebilecek idari esnekli\u011fi g\u00f6stermesi ve kurumlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemesi, i\u00e7 yap\u0131sal uyum yetene\u011finin en somut kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
      2. G\u00fcvenlik Mimarisinde Kurumsal Reform (Pe\u015fmerge Fakt\u00f6r\u00fc)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Otorite bo\u015fluklar\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan asimetrik tehditlerin domino etkisi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ortado\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131nda, de facto yap\u0131lar\u0131n askeri organizasyonlar\u0131 genellikle kriz anlar\u0131nda refleks g\u00f6steren “milis” veya “paramiliter” yap\u0131lar olarak kal\u0131r. Bu durum, s\u00f6z konusu g\u00fc\u00e7leri d\u0131\u015fsal m\u00fcdahalelere a\u00e7\u0131k hale getirdi\u011fi gibi uzun vadeli stratejik kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da baltalar. IKBY\u2019nin b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fcvenlik paradigmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki kurumsal direnci incelendi\u011finde, bu yap\u0131sal zaaf\u0131 a\u015fmaya y\u00f6nelik radikal bir askeri kurumsalla\u015fma ve modernizasyon s\u00fcrecine odaklan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

        Bu evrimin merkezinde, geleneksel ve b\u00f6lgesel komuta yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan s\u0131yr\u0131larak modern, d\u00fczenli ve profesyonel bir ordu mimarisine ge\u00e7i\u015fi hedefleyen Pe\u015fmerge Reform Projesi yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \u00a0Bakanl\u0131k \u00c7at\u0131s\u0131 Alt\u0131nda Kurumsal Entegrasyon: <\/strong>B\u00f6lgesel g\u00fcvenlik mimarisinin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck tarihsel meydan okuma olan \u00e7ift ba\u015fl\u0131 komuta zinciri ve parti eksenli (70. ve 80. birimler) yap\u0131lanma, rasyonel bir devletle\u015fme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tasfiye edilme s\u00fcrecine sokulmu\u015ftur. G\u00fc\u00e7lerin Pe\u015fmerge Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda, tek bir merkezi komuta ve ortak tugaylar\u00a0 \u015feklinde birle\u015ftirilmesi, ham askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc kurumsal bir disipline kavu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

        \u00a0Uluslararas\u0131 Koalisyon Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Doktrinel D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm: <\/strong>ABD, \u0130ngiltere, Almanya ve di\u011fer koalisyon ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n askeri-idari dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bu reform, yaln\u0131zca bir silah modernizasyonu de\u011fildir; as\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm kurumsal ve doktrinel d\u00fczeydedir. Lojistik y\u00f6netim sistemlerinin dijitalle\u015fmesi, \u015feffaf ve kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f maa\u015f \u00f6deme mekanizmalar\u0131 (mali \u015feffafl\u0131k) ve tugay yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n NATO standartlar\u0131nda standardizasyonu, yap\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel bir milis g\u00fcc\u00fc olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p uluslararas\u0131 askeri literat\u00fcrde rasyonel bir “g\u00fcvenlik orta\u011f\u0131” konumuna ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \u00a0Hibrit Sava\u015f Sahas\u0131nda Kurumsal Haf\u0131za: <\/strong>2014 sonras\u0131 sahada elde edilen asimetrik m\u00fccadele deneyimi (\u00f6rne\u011fin DEA\u015e sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 veya b\u00f6lgesel stat\u00fcko k\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131), yerel savunma reflekslerinin kurumsal bir askeri haf\u0131zaya\u00a0 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesini zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Koalisyon ortaklar\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen reform, bu askeri haf\u0131zay\u0131 kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131rarak ge\u00e7ici saha ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 bir savunma doktrinine ve yap\u0131sal bir dalgak\u0131rana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. K\u00fcresel Akt\u00f6rler Kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda “B\u00fcrokratik Muhatapl\u0131k” ve Diplomasi Kapasitesi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun kaotik jeopoliti\u011finde devlet-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 veya de facto akt\u00f6rlerin k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7lerle ili\u015fkileri genellikle asimetrik, ge\u00e7ici ve “kullan-at”\u00a0 bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr yap\u0131lar, k\u00fcresel akt\u00f6rlerin makro stratejilerinde d\u00f6nemsel birer enstr\u00fcman olman\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7emedikleri i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgesel stat\u00fcko dalgalanmalar\u0131nda h\u0131zla g\u00f6zden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma riskiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131rlar. IKBY\u2019nin b\u00f6lgesel kriz ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndaki kurumsal direncinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve belki de en stratejik s\u00fctunu, bu yap\u0131sal zaaf\u0131 a\u015farak k\u00fcresel sistemle ili\u015fkilerini “b\u00fcrokratik muhatapl\u0131k” d\u00fczeyine ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Ofisi (DFR) ve Kurumsal Diplomasi Mimarisi:<\/strong> Erbil, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnya ile ili\u015fkilerini \u015fahsi vb. kanallardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p kurumsal bir “D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131” gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Ofisi (Department of Foreign Relations – DFR) \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda merkezile\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen ba\u015fkentlerinde faaliyet g\u00f6steren resmi temsilcilikler ve Erbil\u2019de konu\u015flu d\u00fczinelerce yabanc\u0131 konsolosluk\/diplomatik misyon, yap\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 sistemdeki de facto varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcrokratik olarak legalle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcresel liderlerin ziyaretlerinde uygulanan devlet protokol\u00fc, yap\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir jeopolitik ortak olarak kodlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0Ba\u011fdat-Erbil Hatt\u0131nda Hukuki ve B\u00fcrokratik Diren\u00e7: <\/strong>Erbil\u2019in diplomasi kapasitesi yaln\u0131zca Bat\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015fkentlerle kurulan ili\u015fkilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir; as\u0131l kurumsal diren\u00e7 Ba\u011fdat-Erbil hatt\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00e7e, petrol ihracat\u0131 ve egemenlik payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na dair kurumsal m\u00fczakere mekanizmalar\u0131nda\u2014\u00f6zellikle Federal Mahkeme kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilen hukuki\/b\u00fcrokratik savunma hatlar\u0131nda\u2014g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Erbil, Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n merkeziyet\u00e7i ve asimetrik bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ham bir reddedi\u015f yerine; anayasal haklar, b\u00fct\u00e7e yasalar\u0131 ve federalizm hukuku \u00fczerinden b\u00fcrokratik bir diren\u00e7 hatt\u0131 in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir. Bu rasyonel ve hukuki muhatapl\u0131k dili, k\u00fcresel akt\u00f6rlerin de Erbil\u2019i Irak\u2019\u0131n anayasal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde vazge\u00e7ilemez, istikrarl\u0131 bir ortak olarak g\u00f6rmeye devam etmesini sa\u011flayan en b\u00fcy\u00fck diplomatik kalkand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Sonu\u00e7: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            “S\u00fcvey\u015f Analojisi” ile ba\u015flay\u0131p “ABD-\u0130ran Mutabakat Zapt\u0131” ve “B\u00f6lgesel G\u00fcvenlik Paradigmalar\u0131nda G\u00fc\u00e7 Politikalar\u0131” ile devam eden d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fck bu analiz serisi, Ortado\u011fu jeopoliti\u011finin yeni \u015fifrelerini kurumsal ve rasyonel bir s\u00fczge\u00e7ten ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Serinin bu son halkas\u0131 olan “Kriz Alanlar\u0131nda Kurumsal Direni\u015f”, makro d\u00fczeyde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan k\u00fcresel bask\u0131lar\u0131n sahadaki rasyonel cevab\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmektedir.<\/p>\n

            Ortado\u011fu\u2019da s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n, ittifaklar\u0131n ve rejimlerin sars\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu hibrit d\u00f6nemde kal\u0131c\u0131 olman\u0131n form\u00fcl\u00fc, ham askeri maceralar ya da asimetrik reaksiyonlar de\u011fil; idari, askeri ve diplomatik kurumsalla\u015fman\u0131n tahkim edilmesidir. Erbil\/IKBY\u2019nin sergiledi\u011fi bu kurumsal diren\u00e7 modeli, b\u00f6lgenin kaotik co\u011frafyas\u0131nda de facto yap\u0131lar\u0131n nas\u0131l kurumsal birer “istikrar adas\u0131n\u0131” ve anayasal muhatab\u0131 \u00fcretebilece\u011finin canl\u0131 laboratuvar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            \n

            Ya\u015far Bazencir<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Giri\u015f: Makro Teoriden Mikro Prati\u011fe Daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131zda ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z “S\u00fcvey\u015f Analojisi” ve “ABD-\u0130ran Mutabakat Zapt\u0131” \u00e7er\u00e7evesi, Ortado\u011fu jeopoliti\u011finde k\u00fcresel bask\u0131 mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ve akt\u00f6rleri rasyonel maliyet modelleriyle hizaya getirme yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftu. Ne var ki, yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya\u00a0 kurgulanan bu makro-politik dayatmalar ve b\u00f6lgesel kaos senaryolar\u0131, sahada pasif veya statik sonu\u00e7lar \u00fcretmemektedir. Aksine, b\u00f6lgesel […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1038626,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[31],"class_list":["post-1038625","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forum","tag-onemli"],"blocksy_meta":[],"seo_head":"\nKR\u0130Z\u00a0 ALANLARINDA KURUMSAL D\u0130REN\u0130\u015e: G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netiminin\u00a0 \u0130dari B\u00fcrokratik Ve Askeri Evrimi - Darka Mazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/darkamazi.site\/archives\/1038625\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"KR\u0130Z\u00a0 ALANLARINDA KURUMSAL D\u0130REN\u0130\u015e: G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netiminin\u00a0 \u0130dari B\u00fcrokratik Ve Askeri Evrimi - Darka Mazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Giri\u015f: Makro Teoriden Mikro Prati\u011fe Daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131zda ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z “S\u00fcvey\u015f Analojisi” ve “ABD-\u0130ran Mutabakat Zapt\u0131” \u00e7er\u00e7evesi, Ortado\u011fu jeopoliti\u011finde k\u00fcresel bask\u0131 mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ve akt\u00f6rleri rasyonel maliyet modelleriyle hizaya getirme yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftu. 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