24 Temmuz 1923 tarihinde \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin Lozan kentinde ba\u011f\u0131tlanan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Orta Do\u011fu, Kafkasya ve Do\u011fu Akdeniz co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n siyasi mimarisini belirleyen en temel uluslararas\u0131 hukuk metnidir. Aradan ge\u00e7en 103 y\u0131la ra\u011fmen Lozan; kurdu\u011fu uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen, \u00e7izdi\u011fi ulus-devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyo-politik sonu\u00e7lar itibar\u0131yla b\u00f6lgesel denklemde g\u00fcncelli\u011fini koruyan tarihsel bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131 bitiren Versay, Trianon veya Saint-Germain gibi galip devletlerin dikte etti\u011fi bir antla\u015fma olmay\u0131p, taraflar\u0131n e\u015fit stat\u00fcde masaya oturdu\u011fu uzun ve \u00e7etin bir m\u00fczakere s\u00fcrecinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
1920 tarihli Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 62, 63 ve 64. maddeleri, F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda \u00f6zerk bir K\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgesinin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019ne ba\u015fvurarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7ebilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmekteydi. Ancak Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’nin askeri ve diplomatik ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 neticesinde Sevr uygulamaya konulamam\u0131\u015f; Lozan m\u00fczakereleriyle birlikte tamamen tasfiye edilerek yerini yeni T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin uluslararas\u0131 hukuktaki kurucu tapusuna b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Lozan\u2019daki en kritik diplomatik m\u00fccadelelerden biri az\u0131nl\u0131k tan\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Millet Sistemi Miras\u0131:\u00a0<\/strong><\/b>M\u00fcttefik devletlerin etnik ve dilsel az\u0131nl\u0131k vurgusuna kar\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrk heyeti (\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki heyet), Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geleneksel “Millet Sistemi” ilkesini esas alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Gayrim\u00fcslim Stat\u00fcs\u00fc:\u00a0<\/strong><\/b>Bu do\u011frultuda az\u0131nl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fc yaln\u0131zca gayrim\u00fcslim topluluklar (Ermeniler, Rumlar, Museviler) ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hukuki Zemin:\u00a0<\/strong><\/b>K\u00fcrtler, Araplar, \u00c7erkesler gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar ise devletin kurucu asli unsuru\/\u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, uluslararas\u0131 hukuk d\u00fczeyinde etnik tabanl\u0131 hak aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zerklik veya az\u0131nl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fc taleplerinin hukuki kulvar\u0131n\u0131 kapatm\u0131\u015f; sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te uygulanacak homojen ulus-devlet politikalar\u0131n\u0131n yasal zeminini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Lozan, K\u00fcrt toplumsal haf\u0131zas\u0131nda ve siyasi literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde co\u011frafi, idari ve toplumsal par\u00e7alanman\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 sistem taraf\u0131ndan resmen tescillendi\u011fi tarihsel bir milat kabul edilir. Ancak bu par\u00e7alanma tek bir g\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f, y\u00fczy\u0131llara yay\u0131lan bir diplomasi ve g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesinin nihai a\u015famas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n [1514 \u00c7ald\u0131ran Sava\u015f\u0131] [1639 Kasr-1 \u015eirin] [1923 lozan Antla\u015f.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131-Safevi N\u00fcfuz. \u0130ki imparatorluk D\u00f6rt S\u0131n\u0131r devleti Alanlar\u0131n\u0131n<\/p>\n Ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131. Aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r. (TR,IR,SY,ve Irak )<\/p>\n [1926 Ankara Antla\u015f]. Musul Vilayeti. Irak’a B\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131<\/p>\n Lozan\u2019la \u00e7izilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar sadece haritalar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015f; tren hatlar\u0131 ve tel \u00f6rg\u00fclerle a\u015firet, aile, ticaret ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 fiziki olarak koparm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. “S\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi akrabal\u0131k” (transborder kinship) olgusu, b\u00f6lge halk\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k bir sosyo-ekonomik ve insani par\u00e7alanmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Lozan m\u00fczakerelerinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulamay\u0131p Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019ne ve ikili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere b\u0131rak\u0131lan tek ana konu Musul Vilayeti\u2019ydi. 5 Haziran 1926 Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Musul ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn \u0130ngiliz mandas\u0131ndaki Irak\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte, G\u00fcney co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n da T\u00fcrkiye ile olan idari ba\u011f\u0131 kopmu\u015f ve D\u00f6rtl\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcnme modeli m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Lozan sonras\u0131nda Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da \u015fekillenen stat\u00fckonun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Kafkasya co\u011frafyas\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc idari ve demografik politikalar par\u00e7alanman\u0131n daha az bilinen ancak son derece kritik bir boyutunu te\u015fkil eder:<\/p>\n Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde (Temmuz 1923), Lenin d\u00f6nemi Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin “uluslar\u0131n kendi kaderini tayini” ve ulusal otonomiler politikas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, Azerbaycan SSC b\u00fcnyesinde La\u00e7\u0131n, Kelbecer, Kubadl\u0131 ve Cebrail b\u00f6lgelerini kapsayan “K\u00fcrdistan Kazas\u0131” (Kurdistana Sor \/ K\u0131z\u0131l K\u00fcrdistan) kuruldu. Bu idari yap\u0131, kendi dilinde e\u011fitim ve yay\u0131n haklar\u0131na sahip \u00f6zerk bir birim niteli\u011findeydi.<\/p>\n 1920\u2019lerin sonuna do\u011fru Stalin y\u00f6netimi, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ran ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen d\u0131\u015f diplomatik ili\u015fkileri riske atmamak ve b\u00f6lgesel etnik dinamikleri kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak amac\u0131yla 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131z\u0131l<\/p>\n K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n idari stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc feshetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 1937 ve 1944 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Sovyet devlet akl\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle b\u00f6lgedeki K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusu Orta Asya\u2019ya (Kazakistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, \u00d6zbekistan) ve Sibirya\/G\u00fcrcistan i\u00e7lerine kitlesel olarak s\u00fcrg\u00fcn etmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Ermenistan, Azerbaycan, G\u00fcrcistan ve T\u00fcrkmenistan\u2019da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren K\u00fcrt toplumunun tarihsel arka plan\u0131n\u0131 bu zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 103. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc, Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 Westphalia ulus-devlet parametreleri ile Orta Do\u011fu\u2019nun etnik, sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve tarihsel ger\u00e7eklikleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkileri yeniden okuma imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Lozan, Orta Do\u011fu\u2019ya kat\u0131 devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ve merkezi egemenlik modellerini getirmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu sistem, etnik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u0131n\u0131rlarla uyu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in gayrim\u00fcslimler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki topluluklar\u0131n kurucu ulus-devletler b\u00fcnyesinde stat\u00fcs\u00fcz kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f; bu durum 20. ve 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca devam eden hak, stat\u00fc ve kimlik m\u00fccadelelerinin ana kayna\u011f\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn Irak ve Suriye ekseninde ya\u015fanan siyasi ve idari geli\u015fmeler, Lozan\u2019\u0131n kurdu\u011fu 100 y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00f6lgesel mimarinin esneme ve adaptasyon s\u00fcrecine girdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir:<\/p>\n Irak Deneyimi: Irak\u2019ta anayasal d\u00fczeyde tan\u0131nan federal yap\u0131 (K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi), Lozan ile par\u00e7alanan co\u011frafyada uluslararas\u0131 ve anayasal me\u015fruiyete kavu\u015fmu\u015f ilk resmi idari stat\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Suriye ve Yerel Y\u00f6netim Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131: Suriye\u2019de kriz sonras\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan fiili durumlar, yerel y\u00f6netimler, \u00f6zerklik ve idari yerinden y\u00f6netim modelleri: maalesef Suriye ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile SDG aras\u0131nda 30 Ocak 2026\u2019da imzalanan nihai Protokol on y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n devam eden \u201c\u00d6zerk Y\u00f6netim\u201dmodelinin fiilen ve hukuken sona erdi\u011fini tescil etmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00d6zetle Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131; T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve egemenli\u011fin sars\u0131lmaz uluslararas\u0131 hukuki zemini olma niteli\u011fini korurken, K\u00fcrt toplumsal haf\u0131zas\u0131nda ve siyasi tarihinde stat\u00fcs\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve s\u0131n\u0131rlarla ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sembol\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n 103 y\u0131l sonra bug\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen b\u00f6lgesel ve uluslararas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar, Lozan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen tasfiyesinden ziyade; 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n getirdi\u011fi demokratik haklar, yerel stat\u00fcler ve esnek s\u0131n\u0131r rejimleri do\u011frultusunda bu tarihsel miras\u0131n nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilece\u011fi etraf\u0131nda d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlenmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 24 Temmuz 1923 tarihinde \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin Lozan kentinde ba\u011f\u0131tlanan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Orta Do\u011fu, Kafkasya ve Do\u011fu Akdeniz co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n siyasi mimarisini belirleyen en temel uluslararas\u0131 hukuk metnidir. Aradan ge\u00e7en 103 y\u0131la ra\u011fmen Lozan; kurdu\u011fu uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen, \u00e7izdi\u011fi ulus-devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyo-politik sonu\u00e7lar itibar\u0131yla b\u00f6lgesel denklemde g\u00fcncelli\u011fini koruyan tarihsel bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Lozan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1038916,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[31],"class_list":["post-1038915","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forum","tag-onemli"],"blocksy_meta":[],"seo_head":"\n\n
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