Orta Do\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131, devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerin g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6lgesel n\u00fcfuz sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan konvansiyonel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan asimetrik hatlara kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alan. Uluslararas\u0131 hukukun getirdi\u011fi kurumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015flevsizle\u015fti\u011fi bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7mektedir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn en somut ve kritik alanlardan biri \u015f\u00fcphesiz Irak\u2019t\u0131r. 2003 sonras\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te kuramsal olarak in\u015fa edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan “Federal Irak Cumhuriyeti”, bug\u00fcn ne klasik anlamda \u015fiddet tekelini elinde tutabilen ne de kendi topraklar\u0131nda anayasal e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011flayabilen melez (Hibrit) ve i\u015flevsiz bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131na b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bir \u00fclkenin devlet olabilmesinin ilk ve en temel \u015fart\u0131;\u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin tek bir anayasal komutana ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu yap\u0131sal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn en a\u011f\u0131r faturas\u0131 ise, Irak Anayasas\u0131 ile \u00f6zerk \/ federal stat\u00fcs\u00fc tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi\u2019ne (KBY) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u011fdat\u2019taki merkezi y\u00f6netimin Erbil\u2019in hava savunma ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve savunma sistemleri temin etmesine hukuki ve b\u00fcrokratik engeller koymas\u0131, basit bir federal yetki tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Aksine bu durum, devlet niteli\u011fini a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rm\u0131\u015f bir merkezin, me\u015fru bir b\u00f6lgesel akt\u00f6r\u00fc \u2018ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u2019 egemenlik s\u00f6ylemleriyle savunmas\u0131z b\u0131rakma ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131lma stratejisidir.<\/p>\n
Siyaset biliminde Max Weber\u2019den bu yana kabul g\u00f6ren temel devlet tan\u0131m\u0131; belirli bir \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde “me\u015fru fiziki \u015fiddet kullanma tekelini elinde bulunduran kurumsal bir organizasyondur. Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndansa egemenlik; hem i\u00e7te en \u00fcst\u00fcn otorite olmay\u0131 hem de d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket edebilme kapasitesini (ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k) ifade eder.<\/p>\n
Irak\u2019\u0131n mevcut tablosu bu kuramsal ilkeler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda incelendi\u011finde, \u00fclkenin\u00a0 “ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f devlet”\u00a0 veya “vesayet devleti” niteli\u011fine evrildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u015eiddet Tekelinin \u00d6zelle\u015fmesi ve Milisle\u015fme: 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda I\u015e\u0130D tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan Ha\u015fdi \u015eabi (Halk Seferberlik G\u00fc\u00e7leri), 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yasayla ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fcst\u00fcnde resmi g\u00fcvenlik mimarisine dahil edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak uygulama, devletin orduyu denetlemesi \u015feklinde de\u011fil; silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n devleti denetlemesi bi\u00e7iminde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ketaib Hizbullah, Asaib Ehlil Hak ve Nuceba Hareketi gibi komuta zinciri Ba\u011fdat\u2019taki Ba\u015fbakan\u2019a de\u011fil, kendi liderliklerine ve do\u011frudan Tahran\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 olan yap\u0131lar, Irak\u2019\u0131n \u015fiddet tekelini fiilen ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00a0G\u00f6lge B\u00fcrokrasi ve Hazine Ya\u011fmas\u0131: Irak devleti, d\u00fcnyada e\u015fine az rastlan\u0131r bir paradoksa ev sahipli\u011fi yapmaktad\u0131r: Devlet, kendi resmi ordusuna itaat etmeyen, devlet organlar\u0131n\u0131 veya kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgeleri (Erbil) hedef alan 200 binden fazla milisin maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fchimmat\u0131n\u0131 ve lojisti\u011fini petrol gelirlerinden olu\u015fan resmi devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esinden kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00a0Egemenli\u011fin \u00c7ifte Standartl\u0131 Ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Ba\u011fdat y\u00f6netimi, “Devlet Egemenli\u011fi” kavram\u0131n\u0131 evrensel bir hukuk ilkesi olarak de\u011fil, i\u00e7 siyasette veto hakk\u0131 olarak kullanmaktad\u0131r. Irak\u2019taki \u0130ran yanl\u0131s\u0131 milislerin balistik f\u00fcze, intihar dronu (\u0130HA) ve a\u011f\u0131r silahlara eri\u015fimi “devlet cephaneli\u011fi” k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131 alt\u0131nda me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken; Erbil\u2019in m\u00fcttefiklerinden alaca\u011f\u0131 radar veya hava savunma sistemleri “devlet egemenli\u011fine tehdit” say\u0131larak engellenmektedir.<\/p>\n
Irak\u2019\u0131n devlet niteli\u011fini yitirmesi, b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelelerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011ferlendirilemez. Tahran rejimi, devrim ihrac\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fcvenlik mimarisini kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kurma stratejisini “Direni\u015f Ekseni” ad\u0131 verilen vekil a\u011flar \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir.<\/p>\n
Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 Yabanc\u0131 Askeri Sat\u0131\u015flar (FMS) protokollerini gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek Erbil\u2019e gidecek hava savunma sistemlerini veto etmesi, KBY a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan varolu\u015fsal bir tehdit \u00fcretmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00a0Katmanl\u0131 Hava Savunma sisteminden Mahrum olan Erbil, Uluslararas\u0131 Havaliman\u0131, kritik enerji altyap\u0131lar\u0131 ve sivil yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131, vekil g\u00fc\u00e7lerin al\u00e7ak irtifadan u\u00e7an \u0130HA ve hassas g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc f\u00fcze sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na defalarca maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Erbil\u2019in elinde bu tehditleri erken a\u015famada tespit edip havada imha edecek entegre bir radar ve hava savunma a\u011f\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar b\u00f6lgenin ekonomik ve siyasi istikrar\u0131n\u0131 hedef almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Stratejik Ku\u015fatma: Erbil; bat\u0131da Suriye\u2019deki belirsizlik, do\u011fuda \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n do\u011frudan f\u00fcze tehdidi, g\u00fcneyde ise Ba\u011fdat destekli milis gruplar\u0131n konu\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sincar ve Kerk\u00fck hatlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda stratejik bir ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Askeri kapasitesinin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, Erbil\u2019in m\u00fczakere masas\u0131ndaki elini zay\u0131flatmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Irak bug\u00fcn i\u015flevsel bir ulus-devlet de\u011fil; milis yap\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan esir al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, anayasal kurumlar\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131f olarak kullan\u0131lan bir vesayet modelidir. Ba\u011fdat merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Erbil\u2019i hava savunma ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rakmas\u0131, hukuki ve b\u00fcrokratik bir d\u00fczenlemenin \u00f6tesinde; egemenlik yetkisinin tarafl\u0131 ve cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir enstr\u00fcman olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu denklemde K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesi, Ba\u011fdat \u00fczerindeki uluslararas\u0131 diplomasiyi art\u0131rarak\u00a0 k\u00f6rfez \u00fclkeleri ile dolayl\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik diyaloglar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirebilir. Olas\u0131 bu olumsuz ko\u015fullarda, devlet niteli\u011fini kaybetmi\u015f bir merkez ile savunmas\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u00f6zerk \/ Federal b\u00f6lge aras\u0131ndaki bu asimetrik ili\u015fki, t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgeyi kapsayacak daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma dinamiklerini tetikleyebilir.<\/p>\n
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Orta Do\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131, devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerin g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6lgesel n\u00fcfuz sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan konvansiyonel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan asimetrik hatlara kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alan. Uluslararas\u0131 hukukun getirdi\u011fi kurumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015flevsizle\u015fti\u011fi bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7mektedir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn en somut ve kritik alanlardan biri \u015f\u00fcphesiz Irak\u2019t\u0131r. 2003 sonras\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te kuramsal olarak in\u015fa edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan “Federal Irak Cumhuriyeti”, bug\u00fcn ne klasik anlamda \u015fiddet […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1039408,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[31],"class_list":["post-1039514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forum","tag-onemli"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":8}},"seo_head":"\n